Power amplifiers
It is used to deliver a large amount of power to the load it contain bulky component .A power transistor of large surface area and metal case is suitable for power amplifier .A power amplifier is used as the large stage of a communication system .It is widely used in audio component radios,TV receivers etc
Efficiency /Conversion efficiency/collector efficiency
η=PoacPodc
=VrmsIrmsVccIc
=Vm√2Im√2VccIc
=Vpp2√2Ipp2√2VccIc
=VppIpp8VccIc
Class A Power amplifiers(series fed)
An amplifier is of type class A if its output remain in the active region during a complete cycle of sine wave input signal .It is an amplifier under normal condition i.e the output never saturates or cut off.If the input is 360°,then output is also 360° ,i.e distortion is very low
Efficiency
Vpp=Vcc
Ipp=VccRc
Ic=Vcc2Rc
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=VccVccRc8VccVcc2Rc
=14=25%
η is low .So class A is never used as a power amplifier
Transformer coupled(Class A power amplifier)
Instead of resistive coupling transformer coupling is used
R,L=(N1N2)2RL
N2=2N1
N1N2=V1V2 =>
V2=2V1
R,L is the resistance reflected to 1° winding.It acts like Rc in series fed class A
Vpp=2Vcc
Ipp=2VccR,L
Ic=VccR,L
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=2Vcc2VccR,L8VccVccR,L=12=50%
Harmonic Distortion/Non-linear /amplitude distortion
The presence of unwanted frequency components in the output which are harmonics of the input frequency is called harmonic distortion .When a sinusoidal signal is applied to a transistor ,non-linearity occurs.Some portion of the signal is amplified more than the other portion
Ic=K1Ib(linear circuit)
with harmonic distortion Ic=K1Ib+K2I2B+K3I3B....
if Ib is sinusoidal Ib=Ibcosωt
Ic=K1Ibcosωt+K2I2BIbcos2ωt+K3I3Bcos3ωt....
=K1Ibcosωt+K2I2B[1+cos2ωt2]....
=K1Ibcosωt+12K2I2B+12K2I2B[cos2ωt]....
=B1cosωt+B0+B2cos2ωt....
D2=B2B1(2nd) D3=B3B1(3rd) D4=B4B1(4th)
Total harmonic distortion=√D22+D23+D24....
Class A Push-pull power amplifier
During positive half cycle Q1 conducts,So Ic1 flows
During negative half cycle Q2 conducts,So Ic2 flows
R,L=(N12N2)2RL
=(N12N1)2RL=RL4
Vcc is center tapped to N1 in first half cycle ,only Q1 conduct.So effective primary winding is N12 same for Q2
Output current
Ic1=B0+B1cosωt+B2cos2ωt+....
Ic2=B0+B1cos(ωt+180°)+B2cos2(ωt+180°)+....
Ic2=B0−B1cos(ωt)+B2cos(2ωt)+....
Total current Ic=k[Ic1−Ic2]
=2kB1cos(ωt)+2B3cos(3ωt)+....
Thus even harmonics are eliminated
Class B push-pull (Transformer coupled)
In normal class B amplifier output current flows only for one half cycle i.e conduction angle is 180° to ensure 360° operation class B push-pull is used
Q1 conducts during positive half cycle of input ,so Ic1 flows
During negative half cycle of input ,Q2 conduct Ic2 flows.these 2 current are combined at output
Eficiency
Vpp=2Vcc
Ipp=2VccR,L
This circuit resembles action of a fullwave rectifier therfore
Ic=2ImΠ=2VccΠR,L
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=2Vcc2VccR,L8Vcc2VccΠR,L=Π4=78.5%
Class B push-pull amplifier uses 2 transfomer which make it bulky and costly .To avoid using transformer complementary symmetry class B is used
It consist of NPN and PNP transistor >During positive half cycle of input ,Q1 conducts and Ic1 flows from Vcc1 through RL .During negative half cycle of input Q2 conducts and Ic2 flows from Vcc2 through RL .Thus we get a complete amplified waveform of input across RL
Cross over distortion
Since the transistors are biased at cutt-off no current flows through the load till the amplitude of input signal exceeds cut in voltage .It means that the amplifier cannot reproduce or amplify the input signal at zero crossing point ,This type of distortion is called cross over distortion
Class AB push-pull(Circuit same as Class A push-pull)
Class AB is a compromise between class A and class B .Class B amplifiers are highly efficient but their output waveform is distorted due to cross over,This occur in class B because of the absence of current at zero crossing point of input signal .This limitation can be overcome by biasing the transistor just at cut in (0.7V for Si).This resulting configuration is Class AB. To reduce harmonic distortion also class A is used the value of R2 is chosen in such a way that only 0.7v is allowed to drop across R2 .Performance of class AB is between class A and class B ,less efficient than class B and more than class A(0.5 & 0.785) .Distortion in Class AB is less than class B
Large signal tuned amplifier
Class C power amplifier
Class C amplifier is tuned amplifier which can amplify only a narrow band of frequencies around the center frequency.The conduction angle is less than 180°.The output contain lots of harmonics and these are eliminated by using tuned circuit as load
Cc,R and Base emitter diode acts as a clamping circuits which clamps the input signal towards negative .Hence the transistor conduct only for a short duration during each positive peak of input signal .the output current Ic appears in the form of pulses .But the CE voltage will sinosuidal because of tank circuit VCE will be 180° out of phase with VBE
Power Dissipation is less
MathJax example
It is used to deliver a large amount of power to the load it contain bulky component .A power transistor of large surface area and metal case is suitable for power amplifier .A power amplifier is used as the large stage of a communication system .It is widely used in audio component radios,TV receivers etc
Efficiency /Conversion efficiency/collector efficiency
η=PoacPodc
=VrmsIrmsVccIc
=Vm√2Im√2VccIc
=Vpp2√2Ipp2√2VccIc
=VppIpp8VccIc
Class A Power amplifiers(series fed)
An amplifier is of type class A if its output remain in the active region during a complete cycle of sine wave input signal .It is an amplifier under normal condition i.e the output never saturates or cut off.If the input is 360°,then output is also 360° ,i.e distortion is very low
Efficiency
Vpp=Vcc
Ipp=VccRc
Ic=Vcc2Rc
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=VccVccRc8VccVcc2Rc
=14=25%
η is low .So class A is never used as a power amplifier
Transformer coupled(Class A power amplifier)
Instead of resistive coupling transformer coupling is used
R,L=(N1N2)2RL
N2=2N1
N1N2=V1V2 =>
V2=2V1
R,L is the resistance reflected to 1° winding.It acts like Rc in series fed class A
Vpp=2Vcc
Ipp=2VccR,L
Ic=VccR,L
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=2Vcc2VccR,L8VccVccR,L=12=50%
Harmonic Distortion/Non-linear /amplitude distortion
The presence of unwanted frequency components in the output which are harmonics of the input frequency is called harmonic distortion .When a sinusoidal signal is applied to a transistor ,non-linearity occurs.Some portion of the signal is amplified more than the other portion
Ic=K1Ib(linear circuit)
with harmonic distortion Ic=K1Ib+K2I2B+K3I3B....
if Ib is sinusoidal Ib=Ibcosωt
Ic=K1Ibcosωt+K2I2BIbcos2ωt+K3I3Bcos3ωt....
=K1Ibcosωt+K2I2B[1+cos2ωt2]....
=K1Ibcosωt+12K2I2B+12K2I2B[cos2ωt]....
=B1cosωt+B0+B2cos2ωt....
D2=B2B1(2nd) D3=B3B1(3rd) D4=B4B1(4th)
Total harmonic distortion=√D22+D23+D24....
Class A Push-pull power amplifier
During positive half cycle Q1 conducts,So Ic1 flows
During negative half cycle Q2 conducts,So Ic2 flows
R,L=(N12N2)2RL
=(N12N1)2RL=RL4
Vcc is center tapped to N1 in first half cycle ,only Q1 conduct.So effective primary winding is N12 same for Q2
Output current
Ic1=B0+B1cosωt+B2cos2ωt+....
Ic2=B0+B1cos(ωt+180°)+B2cos2(ωt+180°)+....
Ic2=B0−B1cos(ωt)+B2cos(2ωt)+....
Total current Ic=k[Ic1−Ic2]
=2kB1cos(ωt)+2B3cos(3ωt)+....
Thus even harmonics are eliminated
Class B push-pull (Transformer coupled)
In normal class B amplifier output current flows only for one half cycle i.e conduction angle is 180° to ensure 360° operation class B push-pull is used
Q1 conducts during positive half cycle of input ,so Ic1 flows
During negative half cycle of input ,Q2 conduct Ic2 flows.these 2 current are combined at output
Eficiency
Vpp=2Vcc
Ipp=2VccR,L
This circuit resembles action of a fullwave rectifier therfore
Ic=2ImΠ=2VccΠR,L
η=VppIpp8VccIc
=2Vcc2VccR,L8Vcc2VccΠR,L=Π4=78.5%
Complementary Class B push-pull power amplifier
or
transformerless power amplifier
It consist of NPN and PNP transistor >During positive half cycle of input ,Q1 conducts and Ic1 flows from Vcc1 through RL .During negative half cycle of input Q2 conducts and Ic2 flows from Vcc2 through RL .Thus we get a complete amplified waveform of input across RL
Cross over distortion
Since the transistors are biased at cutt-off no current flows through the load till the amplitude of input signal exceeds cut in voltage .It means that the amplifier cannot reproduce or amplify the input signal at zero crossing point ,This type of distortion is called cross over distortion
Class AB push-pull(Circuit same as Class A push-pull)
Class AB is a compromise between class A and class B .Class B amplifiers are highly efficient but their output waveform is distorted due to cross over,This occur in class B because of the absence of current at zero crossing point of input signal .This limitation can be overcome by biasing the transistor just at cut in (0.7V for Si).This resulting configuration is Class AB. To reduce harmonic distortion also class A is used the value of R2 is chosen in such a way that only 0.7v is allowed to drop across R2 .Performance of class AB is between class A and class B ,less efficient than class B and more than class A(0.5 & 0.785) .Distortion in Class AB is less than class B
Large signal tuned amplifier
Class C power amplifier
Class C amplifier is tuned amplifier which can amplify only a narrow band of frequencies around the center frequency.The conduction angle is less than 180°.The output contain lots of harmonics and these are eliminated by using tuned circuit as load
Cc,R and Base emitter diode acts as a clamping circuits which clamps the input signal towards negative .Hence the transistor conduct only for a short duration during each positive peak of input signal .the output current Ic appears in the form of pulses .But the CE voltage will sinosuidal because of tank circuit VCE will be 180° out of phase with VBE
Power Dissipation is less
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